Coffee

How can I keep drinking coffee and prevent my teeth from getting stained? Tooth stains from coffee are caused by numerous polyphenols found in coffee which adhere to the outside of your teeth. Ironically, polyphenols due confer protection to your teeth from acids and make give coffee the complex flavors many people enjoy, so you need to find a balance you are comfortable with.

Here is a list ways you can limit the staining effects of the coffee you drink:

Drink your coffee with high fat animal milk (and no it isn't because milk is white). Animal milk proteins bind polyphenols (at least until the coffee reaches your stomach) and bind better the higher the fat content of the milk. Soy milk, etc. will not reduce staining.
Drink coffee made from 100% Arabica Beans that were dry processed (Robusta beans have more polyphenols....and more caffeine).
Select a brewing method that extracts less polyphenols. This also means less caffeine unfortunately. This is a longer discussion point so here is a link to the details: http://www.freysmiles.com/blog/v...
Decrease contact of the coffee with your teeth (already covered by Danish Qadri). You can do this by drinking it very quickly (much easier with espresso), or by drinking with a straw aimed at the back of your tongue (not super comfy). Rinsing also


Aside from reducing the staining impact from the coffee itself, you can (and will still have to) treat the effects of the coffee.

Use a Sonicare toothbrush. Studies have shown that using a Sonicare will reduce stain formation on teeth. Plaque has a tendency to imbibe stains and keeping your teeth clean will slow stain formation. I wouldn't brush immediately after drinking coffee because your teeth may still be "soft" from the acidity in the coffee, as long as you thoroughly clean your teeth 1 to 2 times a day this will take care of the plaque. Also do not use whitening toothpastes (see the post What is the best toothpaste?)
Whiten your teeth occasionally. This is best done through your dentist since they can provide you with bleaching agents (either trays or in office treatments) that provide the best color stability (your teeth will be whiter longer), and also can administer additional treatment to whiten teeth safely. I need to stress that you definitely should not whiten too much, it strips your teeth of its natural protective protein coating. Take at least a couple months off in between whitening cycles for maximal tooth health.


What is the finest coffee bean in the world? The finest coffee bean is undoubtedly sourced from the Arabica species. Also since Colombian Arabica beans are traded in a class of their own and attract a higher price than any other coffee bean class on world markets, I guess Columbian Arabica beans are considered by the market as the finest. However, there are gems to be found throughout the world with some just confined to specific estates. The following are generally considered the finest coffees in their country and quite possibly, the world:

Ankola: One of the world's best and most famous Arabica coffees grown around the northern port of Padang in west-central Sumatra. It is noted for its deep richness, full body and long finish together with just enough interesting acidity. Ankola coffee beans are often associated with the market name Mandheling. They are both grown at altitudes of 2,500 to 5,000 feet and are dry processed but the dried husk are removed with a hot water process which many believe contributes to its unique flavour characteristics.
Antigua: Is the market name for one of the best and most distinctively flavored coffees of the world. It is grown in the valley surrounding Antigua, which is the old capital of Guatemala.
Arona: One of Papua New Guinea’s most famous brand of Arabica coffee beans. It is grown in the Arona Valley in the Eastern Highlands Province. It is noted for its full body and its deep almost smoky like taste.
Barahona: Is the market name for a high grown coffee in the southwest of the Dominican Republic. Named after the city and province that bears the same name. It is considered by many to be the best coffee of the Dominican Republic and is identified by its increased acidity yet heavier-bodied cup.
Bogota: This as a brand of coffee beans grown in the eastern mountainous (cordillera) region of Colombia. Considered by some to be one of Colombia's finest coffees and it is definitely one of its most famous. It takes its name from the capital Bogota from which it is marketed.
Bourbon Santos: Also marketed under the name of just ‘Santos’. It refers to a category of high-quality coffees from Brazil that are usually shipped through the port of Santos and that are grown in the state of São Paulo or the southern part of the State of Minas Gerais. The term properly describes the finest grade of Brazilian coffee produced from the Bourbon cultivar of Arabica. This cultivar tends to produce a softer, fruitier, smoother flavor with a medium body and more acidity than other varieties grown in Brazil.
Bugishu: Is the market name for an Arabica coffee grown from the slopes of Mt. Elgon in Uganda near Kenya. It is considered by some to be the best coffee Uganda has to offer in contrast to the Robusta coffee which makes up most of Uganda’s coffee bean production.
Celebes Toraja: Is a market name for one of the world’s finest coffees from Celebes (now known as Sulawesi) in Indonesia.
Coban: Is a market name for a respected high-grown coffee from north-central Guatemala. Noted as one of world’s best and most distinctively flavored coffees.
Grand Lares: Along with Yauco Selecto it is one of the world’s great coffee beans supplied by Puerto Rico. Grown in the south central part of the country it is noted for its balanced body, bright acidity and fruity aroma.
Harar/Harrar: A Ethiopian Arabica bean that is grown at 4,800-7,500 feet in the northern part of state. The state produces two distinct varieties, the Longberry Harar which is considered to be the more desirable taste to the second shortberry variety. It is garden grown and cultivated from the species obtained from the south-west of the state. They are considered to be one of the world’s most prized coffees because they possess a complex medium to light acidity with full body and a unique winey/fruit wild-blueberry-like aroma. The beans are dry processed and have a slightly yellowish-green coloring.
Jamaican Blue Mountain: Is a single-origin coffee grown above 3,000 feet in the Blue Mountain District of Jamaica. It is noted for its exceptionally rich, complex and bouillon-like flavour. This balanced, classic coffee contains a rich flavor, full body and a smooth yet vibrant acidity. This exceptional taste quality coupled with its short supply, has made it one of the world's most celebrated coffees.
Kona: A single-origin coffee from the Kona coast of the Island of Hawaii. The best Kona coffee displays a classic balance between a medium body, a good acidity and culminating in a rich complex aroma and flavor.
Lintong: Market name for the most admired coffee of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. This coffee grows in the Lake Toba area toward the northern end of the island. Whilst it is a term used to describe a broader group of coffee beans, it properly only describes coffees grown in a relatively small region just southwest of Lake Toba in the Kecamatan or the district of Lintongnihuta. Small plots of coffee producers are scattered over the high, undulating plateau of fern-covered clay and is grown without shade or chemicals of any kind.
Mandheling: Is a more comprehensive designation that refers to both Lintong coffees and to any coffees grown under similar conditions in the region of Diari, north of Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia. It is recognised as one of the world’s most famous coffees. It is also the name of a Coffea canephora variety that was cultivated in the same area of Indonesia.
Mattari: The Market name for one of the most admired coffees from Yemen. Grown in the Bani Mattar area west of the capital city of Sana'a, it is usually a winier, fruitier and sharper version of the Yemen chocolatey style. This coffee is dry processed.
Mérida: Is the market name for one of the most respected and most characteristic Venezuela coffees. It is described as delicate and sweet in the cup yet full bodied with a mellow rich flavor.
Ocoa: The market name for one of the better-respected, well balanced coffees from the Dominican Republic. It is a wet-processed coffee that is noted for its sweetness. Most of this coffee is exported to European markets.
Tarrazu: Coffee named after the town of San Marcos de Tarrazu. It is the market name for one of the Costa Rica’s and in fact the world’s better coffees. It is grown in rich volcanic soil in the south of the state at elevations of between 3,900 – 5,000 feet.
Yauco Selecto: This is an Arabica (var. Bourbon) coffee bean from a region of Puerto Rico and is grown high in the mountains above 3,000 feet. It is one of the finest coffees of the Caribbean but it can be subject to some commercial inconsistency. Often likened to the balanced perfection of the Jamaica Blue Mountain because of its deep, vibrant, yet restrained acidity and gently rich flavor. Two famous estates in the region include Hecienda San Pedro and Santa Ana.
Yirgacheffe/Yirga Cheffe: The market name for one of the most famous Ethiopian washed Arabica coffee bean gardens grown at 5,000-7,500 feet in the south central Sidamo region near the boarder with Kenya and the village of Yirga Ch'efe. Regarded by many as the ‘cream of the crop’ of all coffees grown in the horn of Africa. It has unparalleled fruity aroma and is distinguished by its lemon/fruit-like and distinct tart bite floral acidity. The body is light and elegant whilst the flavour is complex leaving a rich floral finish and an almost menthol aftertaste. It is believed that these trees were cultivated from the varieties of the south-west of the state. Sometimes spelled "Yirgacheffe".

What are the best practices for tamping ground coffee when making espresso?
Best practices for tamping ground coffee when making espresso include:

ensure that the process does no put undue pressure on the wrist because Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) can occur over time if the wrist is engaged in the pressure tamping.
exert sufficient pressure to ensure that the ground coffee does not move in the process of engaging the portafilter with the group head. The 'screw-up' pressure on the grounds as the portafilter engages tightly with the group head will exert far more pressure on the grounds than the tamp ever will.
make sure all lose coffee grains have been removed from the portafilter edge so that an impenetrable seal is formed with the group head (i.e. no loss of pump pressure through the ground coffee) and so that there is minimal wear and tear on the rubber seal.
tip, tap or shake lose grains from the coffee filled portafilter to minimize the amount that gets caught in the group head shower screen in the extraction process.
choose the appropriate tamper. while the two-handed separate bench-tamper is safer for RSI it creates inefficiencies in a busy espresso making environment as compared with the on-grinder 'lift & tamp'.
check the spent coffee puck after extraction to ensure no pit-holes, no side cavities, the group head screw imprint is visible in the grounds and the puck that is dry, solid and removes easily in one piece from the portafilter with a single firm tap. This usually means you got the whole extraction process 'about right'.

Of all the variables involved in extracting the perfect espresso, I have found that tamping makes the least significant contribution.

The other variables all play a much more significant role in getting that perfect extraction of espresso. These other variables are:

coffee bean species (Arabica)
bean quality/grade (AA, SHB, Supremo)
roast (mid-dark)
freshness (less than 2 weeks for beans, less than 15 minutes ground)
grinder/grind (commercial conical, fine powder)
dose size (maximum for the filter that the machine will allow)
filter & shower head (spotless)
portafilter seal with group head (non-penetrable under 10 bar pressure)
water quality (filtered & demineralized),
temperature (94 degrees) and
run time (20-25 seconds)


Because I fill my portafilter to the maximum amount, I use the tamping process to simply work the pack of mound coffee into a usable form that is shaped slightly higher at the edges than the middle. This properly and neatly shaped ground coffee in the portafilter can then be more easily connected with the espresso machine without causing spillage and interfeering with the very important need to have a tight non-penetrable seal between the portafilter and the group. The arm pressure action of screw tightening the portafilter up firmly against the shower head in the group, packs the ground coffee anyway, and at a pressure that I believe is in excess of what any previous wrist tamping processes could apply. Note: The connection lugs on the side of the portafilter are ramp-shaped to force the ground coffee up against the group shower head as you tighten it. This action also pushes the raised coffee at the edge (as shaped by the tampa) into the middle to ensure there is no place for the pressured hot water to go except through the finely ground coffee in order to extract only the highly desirable 'coffee oils'.

So, I see tamping as a necessary part of the espresso making process but I don't believe that varying the wrist tamping pressure contributes in any significant way to the extraction of the perfect espresso.

The most significant thing to be concerned about in the tamping process, from my point of view, is the workplace issue that Darryl Lin raises - i.e. the potential for Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) caused by incorrect technique and posture while repeatedly placing tamping pressure strain on a wrist that was not structurally designed for this type of work.

How does a shot of espresso compare to a cup of coffee in terms of caffeine?
According to the respected espresso coffee industry leader illy coffee http://www.illy.com/wps/wcm/conn...

The average cup of espresso has 78mg of caffeine


According to the United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency - http://www.food.gov.uk/science/s...

The average cup of instant coffee has 75mg of caffeine
The average cup of brewed, percolated and drip coffee has 100mg


All the analysis I have read constantly identifies brewed, percolated and drip coffee as having more caffeine than espresso coffee (up to 125mg) and that's comparing it with a 30ml espresso extraction which I think is 5ml more than ideal.

Some research believes that it is the length of time that the hot water comes in contact with the ground coffee that produces the extra caffeine content. In espresso it is about 20-25 seconds while it is much longer in the brewed, percolated and drip coffee methods.

Interestingly the better quality beans (Arabica) have about half the caffeine content of the cheaper ones (Robusta). So, I reckon that a 25ml shot of espresso made on 100% Arabica beans is a good option for reducing your caffeine intake while still enjoying that 'elixir of the gods

Why does an espresso in almost any Italian coffee shop taste so much better than an espresso anywhere else in Europe (or the world for that matter)?

Philipp M. W. Hoffmann got it about right when he identified that the experience of the average Italian barista is many times greater than that of the baristas making espresso in popular cafe chains in other parts of the world who all stand behind Italian made or Italian designed espresso machines and grinders. Let's face it, the Italians have been passionate about espresso for over 100 years - the rest of us are just playing 'catch-up'. The average age of Italian baristas is 45 ... so, you can taste the experience in every cup.

I guess the fact that Italians have a rich history of inventions in pursuit of the perfect espresso, also has a lot to do with their mastery of this particular process. These Italians include:

Angelo Moriondo who patented a bulk coffee brewer in 1885, capable of producing fifty cups and was first to separate the steam and water into two distinct functions in the espresso making process.
Luigi Bezzera whose espresso coffee machine invention named the ‘Tipo Gigante’ in 1901, made espresso just ‘one cup at a time’.
M. Cremonesi who developed the piston pump in 1928, which significantly improved the espresso coffee making process and taste.
Francesco Illy who in 1935 invented the first automatic coffee machine called the "illetta", that substituted compressed air for steam in the espresso extraction process.
Achilles Gaggia who with a machine called the “Crema Caffe” in 1947, perfected espresso coffee making by introducing a piston lever that extracted the perfect espresso via the application of intense pressure to the ground coffee beans.
Ernesto Valente, the father of the Faema brand of espresso machines, who in the 1960's produced the first pump driven espresso machine called the "Faema E61". This design concept remains the benchmark for espresso coffee machines even up till today.

Also, Italians generally drink their coffee in its purest form ... espresso. Espresso (short black) provides the barista with no opportunity to mask a poorly extracted espresso coffee with milk, cream, powders and flavor additives as they do in other parts of the world. So, baristas in Italy keep their jobs by constantly providing their Italian customers with the flavorsome coffee oils which they expertly derive from each perfectly extracted shot of espresso.

From the smallest Italian railway station to the historic cafes of Caffe Florian, Baratti & Milano Caffe, Pedrocchi Coffee House and Caffe Greco, we tourists are simply the beneficiaries of all this experience ... this masterful know-how ... this peculiar Italian passion for the perfect espresso.

Why did coffee become a popular beverage worldwide?
Coffee became a popular global beverage due to a series of unique historic events. These events built one upon the other to eventually create what we have today where coffee is the 2nd most traded commodity in the world, beaten only by oil.

Here's how it happened:

Its discovery - in 600 the legend claims coffee's discovery by the goat herder Kaldi in Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia).
Its use in medicine - in 1000 Avicenna, Mahommedan physician and philosopher, and other Arabian physicians are using coffee, which they call bunchum, for its medicinal properties.
Roasting discovered - in 1200 the Turkish people discover the flavor enhancements achieved by roasting the coffee beans.
Cultivation begins - in 1300 the people of Yemen see a buck in cultivating coffee and selling it to Arabian traders.
The Koran - in 1400 alcohol is declared forbidden by the Koran, so coffee then becomes the replacement stimulant drink for Muslims.
Coffee shops concept - in 1453 the first known coffee shop is opened in Constantinople (later called Istanbul) and called “Kiva Han”. Coffee as a beverage begins it's journey to commercialization.
Europe imports - in the 1500’s European travelers to Arabia discover the coffee beverage and traders start selling coffee into Europe from the ports of Alexandria and Smyrna.
The Pope decrees - in the 1600’s Pope Clement VIII baptizes coffee drinking, making it an acceptable beverage for Christians. Coffee's future is secured with the two greatest religions in the world accepting its consumption.
India cultivates - in 1650 a Muslim pilgrim from India named Baba Budan was the first to sneak some fertile seeds out of Arabia and into India. So begins the coffee plant spread from the 1,000 year monopolistic control of coffee by the Arabian states.
Coffeehouses proliferate - in 1652 the first coffeehouse is opened in Oxford England and the concept quickly proliferates throughout England.
France adopts it - in 1669 the Ambassador of the Turkish Ottoman Empire to the court of Louis XIV in Paris brought coffee into fashion in Parisian High Society.
The Dutch trade - in 1690 the Dutch smuggled live coffee plants from the Arabian port of Mocha, and cultivate coffee commercially, in Ceylon and in their East Indian colony of Java. In the Dutch golden age of the 1700's, their merchant fleets trade with all parts of the globe carrying the coffee beverage and beans with them.
The one plant - in 1714 the Burgomaster of Amsterdam gave King Louis XIV of France a seedling coffee plant from the Amsterdam Botanical Gardens as a gift. In 1720 Chevalier Gabriel Mathiew de Clieu, removes a coffee plant from the King's glass house and takes it with him to Martinique in the Caribbean. He establishes a plantation in Martinique that eventually becomes the source for 90 percent of the world's coffee plantations.

"The Boston Tea Party" - in 1773 America changed from drinking (English) tea to coffee which was seen at the time as their patriotic duty.
Brazilian excess - in the late 1800’s Brazil's coffee plantations expand excessively turning coffee from a drink only for the elite into an everyday drink for the people, due to the price drop generated from the oversupply.
Instant coffee invented - in 1906 George Constant Washington, an English chemist living in Guatemala, invents instant coffee and creates the first mass-produced instant coffee called Red E Coffee.

Prohibition promotes it - in the 1920s prohibition goes into effect in the United States which only serves to create a boom in coffee sales and consumption.
Illy commercializes espresso - in 1933 Dr. Ernest Illy develops the first automatic espresso machine which opens the way for the commercially viable sale of espresso coffee
Nescafé solves Brazil's problems - in 1938 the Nestlé company developed its own freeze dried instant coffee to assist the Brazilian government in solving its coffee surplus problem.
American globalization - America exports it culture (including coffee drinking) to the world via the golden age of Hollywood (1927- 1945) and with the American soldier's issue of instant Maxwell House coffee in their WW2 ration kits.
... and TV does the rest - the advent of TV in the 1950 coinciding with coffee's abundant supply (low cost), it's global acceptance, innovative product (instant) and a company like Nestles to exploit the medium and the product with advertisments. Coffee ads generated an instant use as an accompanyment to the TV experience. Nestle's + TV + Instant coffee completes the global phenomenon that is the coffee drink.

Coffee today, in 2011, is regarded as one of the world's most popular beverage with more than 450 billion cups being consumed each year, but it may never have happened if any of the key historical links above had not each played their part in bringing it about.

What are the most common coffee faults, and how do you detect them?
The most common coffee faults are usually detected and removed long before the extract from the ground coffee beans are enjoyed by us at our favorite cafe or at our home espresso maker. Still, in spite of the scrutiny, a few common faults make it through the grading processes at the farm, processing center, importing agent and roaster and so end up in the consumer's roasted coffee bean mix.

Green bean coffee faults
Green coffee bean faults or defects are usually caused by natural and human failures in the picking, processing, drying, sorting, storage, or transportation stages of the green coffee bean production. Further human failures can create coffee faults at the roaster and in the distribution and storage of the roasted coffee beans.Discoloration in the green beans is created from the oxidation of the damaged areas of the bean and off-flavors will result. Discolored beans roast unevenly, age rapidly, and even just a few are capable of significantly reducing the overall coffee taste.

The most common discoloration is identified by the black, deep blue, or dark brown surface areas on the green bean. Green beans with more than 25% of this discoloration are known as Black Beans (on the New York Coffee Exchange) and are considered to have a significant detrimental effect on the coffee taste.
'Black Beans' and other types of discolorations are typically caused by:

harvesting immature coffee cherries
harvesting dead cherries that fell naturally from the trees.
exposure to water and heat at the wrong time in the process
wet processed beans that have been cut or bruised by the machinery during the pulping stage
beans that were dried too rapidly causing them to fade in color
faulty fermentation, improper washing, over drying, or by harvesting over-ripe coffee cherries creating a brown or rust color on the green coffee bean
uneven drying during processing causing blotchy discolorations.
green bean that have been left too long in the fermentation tanks under the natural fermentation method and have become discolored by putrefactive bacteria which attacks the proteins causing the beans to sour. These are often identified by their yellow or redish brown color.
picking over ripe coffee cherries that become 'stinkers' and produce an unpleasant or even foul taste. One or two stinker beans can spoil a whole batch of coffee.

Common green bean defects caused by natural failures that can also produce poor tasting coffee include:

insect-damage i.e. Coffee Berry Borer (CBB) is one of the most significant pest problems for coffee farmers.
disease damaged coffee beans mostly caused by fungus (mold). i.e. Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR), Coffee Berry Disease (CBD)


Grading is the simplest way to identify faulty coffee beans
All stakeholders in the coffee industry are interested in a grading process that is able to identify and separate quality beans from those with taste faults because the grading standard has a direct impact on their prices and profits. So by the time the coffee bean has progressed through all the stages and on to the consumer, the grading of the coffee has been pretty well defined. So getting to know your grading codes and names is one of the easiest ways to identify the quality beans from those that have been determined as having taste faults. Sadly, there is no uniform global standard on grading names/codes so you will need to learn the country specific grading names and codes.

The SCAA (Specialty Coffee Association of America) does have specific standards for grading coffee beans. These are:

Specialty Grade Green Coffee (1) - no more than 5 full defects per 300 grams
Premium Coffee Grade (2): no more than 8 full defects in 300 grams.
Exchange Coffee Grade (3): no more than 9-23 full defects in 300 grams.
Below Standard Coffee Grade (4): 24-86 defects in 300 grams.
Off Grade Coffee (5): More than 86 defects in 300 grams.

Note: Given that there are about 2,000 coffee beans in 300 grams, it only takes 4% of the coffee beans (86) to be sour/stinker/quakers (defective) to render the entire batch 'Off-grade coffee'.

Roasted bean coffee faults
As a roasted coffee buyer, for my many espresso coffee outlets over the years, I look for or mitigate the following coffee faults in roasted coffee beans:

The roasted beans not being fresh - I believe that roasted coffee beans are at their best within a few weeks after roasting. After that they start to lose some of their most delicate flavors. One way to test if your coffee beans have been roasted in the past few weeks is to take a sample and seal them in an air-tight plastic bag like a coin bag. If the bag puffs up over 24hrs then the beans were roasted within the past couple of weeks, if not then they are not as fresh as they could be. This is because roasted coffee beans exhaust CO2 for up to three weeks after roasting.
The roasted beans being stored incorrectly - If the roasted beans were not stored in an airtight, cool, dry, sunlight and aroma free environment then they will have possibly started to sweat and/or absorb moisture and aromas from the air. When beans sweat the oils created in the roasting process come to the surface of the bean increasing the chances of taste distortion via the oxidation process. Oils can also be brought to the surface during the roasting process as well but as good as it looks, I am no fan of the oil covered surface on roasted coffee due to the flavor killing oxidization process.
Not an even roast - This can be caused by poor roasting or bean blending techniques that allow parts of the batch to roast unevenly and thereby produce a range of quality coffee extractions. This is pretty easy to detect - look for inconsistent color in the roast coffee beans.
No 'black beans' - When I review a batch of roasted coffee beans I go looking for the number of 'black beans' that may have escaped the grading systems. These will be identified as very light colored roasted beans in the batch, beans with borer holes, beans that look wrinkled and beans that are just outer shells or have been roasted as broken beans. The more of these in your mix, the lower the taste quality outcome. Remember, just 4% of the batch will render it "Off-grade".


By converse, the fault-free (perfect) roasted espresso coffee bean batch for me would be:

roasted in the past few weeks
100% arabica species - See What are some ways to visually differentiate between the Arabica and Robusta coffee bean?
large bean size (15-19)
top grade beans - dense, mountain grown on a renown estate
an even dark brown roast color across the entire batch - zero light colored beans
speckled amounts of surface oil only
no hollow shells
perfectly shaped beans with no wrinkles or malformations
no broken roasted coffee bean bits

Why does Britain prefer tea to coffee?
I went to a short talk last week by Henrietta Lovell, founder of the Rare Tea Company (http://www.rareteacompany.com). She was talking about some of the history of tea here. When it first started being imported tea was one of the most coveted, valuable items in the household of those rich enough to afford it. The tea would be kept in a locked chest, with the key worn round the neck of the lady of the house so the servants couldn't steal it. This tea would have been bought from china and brewed very delicately, served black, with no milk. Black tea was imported because it kept its flavour better on long journeys than a more delicate green tea.

Tea was so expensive at first because the Chinese would only sell it to us for gold or silver - we couldn't trade or barter with any other item. The British government got tired of seeing their gold resources dwindling, so In the 19th century our government started sending opium from India and Afghanistan into China so that desperate addicts would sell us tea for opium, causing Chinese life expectancy to fall. In the 19th century we also sent in a spy named Robert Fortune, a British man who disguised himself to look Chinese (incidentally, one of Henrietta's ancestors!). He learned the secrets of tea production and smuggled a few plants out to India, where the British had colonies. We were then able to start making tea ourselves more cheaply in India. Yep, our ancestors were lovely people. These actions made tea more affordable here, although it was still a premium product compared to now.

Milk started being added around the time of the second world war. We were surrounded by German u-boats, so importing tea got a little tricky. Because tea was so important for national morale, the government took over tea importation, adding it to rationing and importing lower quality tea from Africa. As rationing continued to the 1950s, we got used to drinking lower quality black tea here, which was higher in tannins. This caused the need to add milk to sweeten, and since then we have continued doing so.

So we have a history with tea, but there are some signs that our love of tea is dwindling here. Recently there have been news stories about espresso cups outselling mugs: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fooda.... Walk around high streets and you will see an emphasis on coffee shops, where people can order all sorts of fancy coffee combinations. Tea choices tend to be more limited. But at my work people still mostly go for tea, not coffee. I don't know why historically we might have preferred tea to coffee, but personally I prefer it because of the lower caffeine content (though tea contains more caffeine than coffee (by dry weight), a cup of tea usually contains much less caffeine than a cup of coffee, as tea is generally brewed much weaker), which leaves me feeling less shaky. It's also not a diuretic, unlike coffee.


What qualities make for a good cup of coffee?
You can think about the process of how coffee comes together and work forwards (somewhat simplified in order to avoid duplicate qualities for differing reasons):

Starting with good beans → robust and interesting flavor (maybe complex, maybe not).
Competent roasting → the coffee isn't too acidic (too light) or too oily or burnt tasting (too dark).
Brewing after CO2 has dissipated → the coffee doesn't have too many grinds as excess CO2 causes coffee to bloom up during brewing and grounds can overflow into the cup.
Brewing fresh grounds → the coffee hasn't lost all or some of its flavors since the gas contained in the grounds represents a lot of the flavor, which escapes quickly after grinding.
Brewing with good water → it doesn't taste like chemicals like chlorine or others found in poor water.
Brewing at the right concentration ("strength" in coffee terms, meaning coffee/water ratio) → the flavor isn't too strong or too watery.
Brewing at the right water temperature → the flavor isn't too sour (too cold) or too bitter (too hot).

I realize these aren't good qualities, they're more like the lack of bad qualities. But I think that's a great thing about coffee — as long as it doesn't suck (for the outlined reasons) your personal preferences will guide you. I think

Coffee: Why did coffee become a popular beverage worldwide?
Coffee became a popular global beverage due to a series of unique historic events. These events built one upon the other to eventually create what we have today where coffee is the 2nd most traded commodity in the world, beaten only by oil.

Here's how it happened:

Its discovery - in 600 the legend claims coffee's discovery by the goat herder Kaldi in Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia).
Its use in medicine - in 1000 Avicenna, Mahommedan physician and philosopher, and other Arabian physicians are using coffee, which they call bunchum, for its medicinal properties.
Roasting discovered - in 1200 the Turkish people discover the flavor enhancements achieved by roasting the coffee beans.
Cultivation begins - in 1300 the people of Yemen see a buck in cultivating coffee and selling it to Arabian traders.
The Koran - in 1400 alcohol is declared forbidden by the Koran, so coffee then becomes the replacement stimulant drink for Muslims.
Coffee shops concept - in 1453 the first known coffee shop is opened in Constantinople (later called Istanbul) and called “Kiva Han”. Coffee as a beverage begins it's journey to commercialization.
Europe imports - in the 1500’s European travelers to Arabia discover the coffee beverage and traders start selling coffee into Europe from the ports of Alexandria and Smyrna.
The Pope decrees - in the 1600’s Pope Clement VIII baptizes coffee drinking, making it an acceptable beverage for Christians. Coffee's future is secured with the two greatest religions in the world accepting its consumption.
India cultivates - in 1650 a Muslim pilgrim from India named Baba Budan was the first to sneak some fertile seeds out of Arabia and into India. So begins the coffee plant spread from the 1,000 year monopolistic control of coffee by the Arabian states.
Coffeehouses proliferate - in 1652 the first coffeehouse is opened in Oxford England and the concept quickly proliferates throughout England.
France adopts it - in 1669 the Ambassador of the Turkish Ottoman Empire to the court of Louis XIV in Paris brought coffee into fashion in Parisian High Society.
The Dutch trade - in 1690 the Dutch smuggled live coffee plants from the Arabian port of Mocha, and cultivate coffee commercially, in Ceylon and in their East Indian colony of Java. In the Dutch golden age of the 1700's, their merchant fleets trade with all parts of the globe carrying the coffee beverage and beans with them.
The one plant - in 1714 the Burgomaster of Amsterdam gave King Louis XIV of France a seedling coffee plant from the Amsterdam Botanical Gardens as a gift. In 1720 Chevalier Gabriel Mathiew de Clieu, removes a coffee plant from the King's glass house and takes it with him to Martinique in the Caribbean. He establishes a plantation in Martinique that eventually becomes the source for 90 percent of the world's coffee plantations.

"The Boston Tea Party" - in 1773 America changed from drinking (English) tea to coffee which was seen at the time as their patriotic duty.
Brazilian excess - in the late 1800’s Brazil's coffee plantations expand excessively turning coffee from a drink only for the elite into an everyday drink for the people, due to the price drop generated from the oversupply.
Instant coffee invented - in 1906 George Constant Washington, an English chemist living in Guatemala, invents instant coffee and creates the first mass-produced instant coffee called Red E Coffee.

Prohibition promotes it - in the 1920s prohibition goes into effect in the United States which only serves to create a boom in coffee sales and consumption.
Illy commercializes espresso - in 1933 Dr. Ernest Illy develops the first automatic espresso machine which opens the way for the commercially viable sale of espresso coffee
Nescafé solves Brazil's problems - in 1938 the Nestlé company developed its own freeze dried instant coffee to assist the Brazilian government in solving its coffee surplus problem.
American globalization - America exports it culture (including coffee drinking) to the world via the golden age of Hollywood (1927- 1945) and with the American soldier's issue of instant Maxwell House coffee in their WW2 ration kits.
... and TV does the rest - the advent of TV in the 1950 coinciding with coffee's abundant supply (low cost), it's global acceptance, innovative product (instant) and a company like Nestles to exploit the medium and the product with advertisments. Coffee ads generated an instant use as an accompanyment to the TV experience. Nestle's + TV + Instant coffee completes the global phenomenon that is the coffee drink.

Coffee today, in 2011, is regarded as one of the world's most popular beverage with more than 450 billion cups being consumed each year, but it may never have happened if any of the key historical links above had not each played their part in bringing it about.

What would the world be like without coffee?
Taking the hypothetical case that some alien force in an instant destroyed all coffee trees and all currently available green, roasted and instant coffee on the planet, then the following would occur:

Whole countries and economies would be affected ....

52 countries of the would lose export income with the loss of sales from their 130 million 60-kilogram bags of coffee export each year.
The top 4 coffee producing countries that between them produce 40% of the world's coffee supply would lose a significant export earner. They are Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and Indonesia.
15 of the poorest countries of the world that depend on coffee as a vital contributor to foreign exchange earnings and also account for a significant proportion of tax income and gross domestic product would be severely affected. These include Burundi, Ethiopia Uganda, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.
Coffee as the second most commonly traded commodity in the world (measured by monetary volume) would financially devastate all the stakeholders in the supply chain including: producers, intermediaries, processors, government agencies, exporters, dealers/brokers, roasters, retailers and cafes if the industry disappeared in an instant.

Jobs would be lost ...

The 60 million people globally that earn some or all of their income from coffee would be severely affected.
The 25 million directly employed by the industry would be out of work.
10 million small peasant coffee farmers (incorporating 25 million family members) who dependent on coffee sales for their primary source of income would be devastated. These small peasant farmers, each cultivating on less than 25 acres, produce about 70% of the world’s coffee supply.

Consumers would be bewildered ....

The 54% of the overall American adult population that partake daily in the consumption of coffee beverages are going to be mightily peeved.
The 1,100,000,000 missed coffee cups on the first day from the 400 billion consumed annually on the planet, is going to create one hell of a 'mass coffee headache'. No work place would be sustainable.
The missed 400 million cups of coffee on the first day in the United States as the leading consumer of coffee in the world, is going to surly start the American Revolution II.

... and business would need to revisit their business models.

Starbuck's 16,680 stores worldwide are going to struggle and will need a whole new approach to their business and marketing. I wonder if they could destroy hot chocolate as comprehensively as they have destroyed the art and taste of fine espresso coffee?
Kraft, Philip Morris, Nestlé, Proctor and Gamble and Sara Lee/Douwe Egberts who between them 'own' the global coffee trade are going to have to find another lucrative 'screw the poor - sell to the rich' business model to replace the billions they make each year from controlling the haves & have-nots of the coffee trade.

Should coffee beans be stored in the freezer?
No, an airtight container is the best storage for coffee. The cold temperatures and lack of controlled humidity tends to affect the flavor of the coffee (not to mention flavors from other food).

Good airtight containers are easy to come by (most kitchen stores should have them in glass or stainless steel).

What is the difference between coffee, cappuccino, espresso & frappuccino?
Definitions of each can vary depending on the country where the question is asked. Having established and operated over 20 outlets in Australia serving coffee, I would identify the differences in the following way:

Coffee: Is a term often used to describe a hot beverage made from roasted coffee beans. Various methods can be used to make a hot coffee beverage and include the espresso, Turkish, percolated, instant, drip or plunger (French press) method.
Espresso: This can describe (1) one method of making coffee that consist of forcing hot pressured water through finely ground coffee beans in an espresso machine to extract the coffee oils/essence that form the basis of various drinks or (2) a specific coffee drink that is also known as a 'short black' and served in a demitasse cup/glass. Italians refer to a coffee drink consisting of simply the expressed oils from the ground coffee beans via an espresso coffee machine as - espresso.
Cappuccino: Is a specific hot coffee drink made using the espresso method and consists of espresso essence/extract, hot steamed milk, topped with velvet milk foam and finished with a sprinkle of chocolate powder.
Frappuccino: Frappuccino is a blended coffee beverages developed and sold by Starbucks who have trademarked the name. It is an iced or chilled cappuccino that may be topped with whipped cream. It generally consists of espresso coffee, milk, sugar, ice, whipped cream and other sweeteners.

Coffee: How many cups of coffee is safe to drink per day?
Caffeine is a stimulant, and an overdose can be lethal. As for other side effects, caffeine is similar to other stimulants. If you do not regularly consume caffeine, I would avoid taking more than 2 cups in any 4 hour period.

The median lethal dose of caffeine is anywhere between 150 and 200 milligrams per kg of body weight in a human. A cup of coffee has around 100 milligrams of caffeine.

So, you would need around 2x your bodyweight in kilograms of cups of coffee to kill yourself. There have been no known instances of lethal caffeine overdoses from drinking coffee alone. Probably because drinking that much coffee would be impractical for even the most dedicated person.

Now, even at lower doses, there can be severe adverse side effects, and these are probably what you're interested in.

Overdosing on caffeine can result in palpitations, twitching, and nervousness as well as increasing your heart rate. But since caffeine is a drug easily adapted to, its hard to determine what dosage would result in significant side effects for a given individual.

Caffeine operates by binding to the adenosine receptors without activating them, stopping adenosine from activating them. Adenosine has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system. Taking caffeine regularly will cause your body to increase the number of adenosine receptors - thus blunting its effect.

Coffee: What are all the different types of coffee drinks?
The following are the different types of coffee drinks that you may find in a cafe that prepares coffee using the espresso coffee making method:

Affogato: This is a term that literally means 'drowned'. It is the description of a shot of separately served espresso that is later poured over a the top of a scoop of vanilla ice cream or gelato. This beverage is usually served in a short drink glass and is a Italian desert favourite. Popular Affogatos include Vanilla Affogato, Mocha Affogato, and Peppermint Affogato.
Babycino: A cappuccino styled drink served in an up-market café typically for children. It consists of warm milk in a small cup and topped with milk froth and chocolate powder. No espresso coffee essence is added.
Breve: A term in Italian that means short and is used to describe an espresso coffee drink made with a half-and-half light cream or semi-skim milk instead of full fat milk
Caffe' Freddo: Chilled, sweetened espresso served in a tall glass, often on ice.
Caffe Latte or “Latte”: A ‘premium milk coffee experience’. Freshly steamed milk without foam served in a tall glass with a shot of espresso coffee.
Caffe Mocha: A combination of chocolate syrup and a shot of espresso, topped with steamed milk and a layer of micro-foam. Finished with a sprinkled of chocolate.
Cappuccino Chiaro: (AKA Wet or Light cappuccino): Cappuccino prepared with more milk than usual.
Cappuccino Scuro: (AKA Dry or Dark cappuccino) Cappuccino prepared with less milk than usual.
Cappuccino: “Cap”: A ‘traditional morning heart starter’. Steamed foamed velvety milk poured over one shot (1) of coffee oil extract made from 12gm of freshly ground beans producing 38ml of essence. Finished by topping with foam and a sprinkle of chocolate powder. Served in a pre heated vitrified ceramic cup.
Con panna: Like the beverage "macchiato", but whipped cream is substituted for steamed milk.
Corretto: Espresso "corrected" with a touch of grappa, cognac, sambuca, or other spirit.
Doppio: Italian term for double. Double Espresso or twice the amount of coffee and twice the amount of water. Basically it describes two shots of espresso in one demitasse container.
Espresso con Panna: A variation of the macchiato by substituting a dollop of whipped cream for the milk froth. Basically a Starbucks invention. Means in Italian "espresso with cream”.
Espresso Lungo: American term where a shot is extracted longer for a bit of extra espresso. Tends to maximizes the caffeine but will mostly produce a more bitter cup.
Espresso Romano: Espresso served with a lemon peel on the side. Whilst not a typical accompaniment in Italy it is commonly served with the espresso beverage in America.
Flat White: “White Coffee” - ‘uncompromising taste’.Steamed microfroam milk poured through and under the espresso crème produced from one shot (1) of coffee extract made on 12gm of freshly ground coffee producing 38ml of essence. Served in a pre heated vitrified ceramic cup. A common espresso coffee order in Australia/New Zealand. Great for latte art!
Hammerhead: A coffee drink only served in the USA. It is an American term for a shot of espresso in a coffee cup that is topped up with drip-filtered coffee.
Latte Macchiato: Steamed milk served in a tall glass rather than a cup that is “stained” by a shot of espresso coffee.
Long Black: Often called the “American”. It is the ‘benchmark coffee without milk’. It is pure coffee made from one & one half shots of coffee extract made on 16gm of fresh ground beans producing 50ml of essence blended with steamed water. Served in a pre heated vitrified ceramic cup with the essence floated over the top of a cup filled with hot/boiling water. It is a standard espresso (Short Black) but lengthened by the addition of hot/boiling water.
Lungo: An espresso made by purposely allowing more water to flow through the ground coffee than usual. (sometimes called an Americano or ‘long’).
Macchiato: Meaning “stained” - Described as ‘strong, marked or stained’. A touch of steamed foamed milk added to a double shot of coffee extract made from 24gm of fresh ground beans producing 75ml of essence. Served in glass.

Mazagran: A French drink composed of cold coffee and seltzer water. First created by the French soldiers in 1840 in the town of Argelia. A variation includes iced coffee made with maraschino.
Quad: An espresso drink made with four shots of coffee.
Ristretto: (Ristretto in Italian means "restricted, shrunk or short”) It is the richest and most concentrated espresso drink where less water but the same amount of coffee is used to make the beverage and creates a less bitter espresso. The extraction time is shortened producing as little as 3 oz of liquid per serving. Pure and intense espresso served in a demitasse cup.
Short Black: A ‘pure intense Italian favourite with a biting crème head. Contains 75ml of pure double shot (2) coffee essence made from 24gm of fresh ground coffee beans. Traditionally served in glass and is referred to as Espresso by European customers.
Viennese Coffee: Brewed black coffee of any roast or origin topped and served with whipped cream.